Impact of COVID-19 social distancing recommendations on pulmonary function, nutritional status, and morbidity in patients with cystic fibrosis / Impacto das recomendações de distanciamento social por COVID-19 sobre a função pulmonar, estado nutricional e morbidade em pacientes com fibrose cística

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the impact of COVID-19 social distancing recommendations on nutritional status, pulmonary function, and morbidity in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). Methods: A retrospective cohort study including patients older than six years with a diagnosis of CF was performed. Demographic and clinical data, anthropometric measurements, pulmonary function, days of antibiotic use, and length of hospital stay were recorded. Variables were recorded at three time points relative to the baseline for implementation of social distancing measures: T-1 (14 months before implementation), T0 (baseline), and T1 (14 months after implementation). Delta (Δ) was calculated for each period: Δ1 (pre-pandemic T0-T-1) and Δ2 (pandemic T1-T0). Results: The study included 25 patients, with a mean age of 11.7±4.3 years. The mean forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) was 85.6±23.6%, and body mass index (BMI) was 17.5±3.0 kg/m2. When comparing the two periods (Δ1 and Δ2), there was a significant increase in the FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio (p=0.013) and in the forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25-75%) (p=0.037) in the pandemic period. There was also a significant reduction (p=0.005) in the use of antibiotics in the pandemic period compared with the pre-pandemic period. The Δ1 and Δ2 values did not differ significantly for BMI, FEV1, or length of hospital stay. Conclusions: COVID-19 social distancing recommendations had a positive impact (decrease) on morbidity (use of antibiotics) and small airway obstruction (FEF25-75%) in patients with CF.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto das recomendações de medidas de distanciamento social por COVID-19 sobre estado nutricional, função pulmonar e morbidade em pacientes com fibrose cística (FC). Métodos: Estudo de coorte, retrospectivo, que incluiu pacientes com diagnóstico de FC e idade superior a seis anos. Foram registrados os dados demográficos, antropométricos, clínicos, de função pulmonar e o total de dias de uso de antibiótico e de hospitalizações. As variáveis foram registradas em três momentos relativos ao início das recomendações de distanciamento social: T-1 (14 meses antes), T0 (início das recomendações) e T1 (14 meses depois). Foram calculados deltas (Δ) para cada um dos períodos: Δ1 (pré-pandemia T0-T-1) e Δ2 (pandemia T1-T0). Resultados: Vinte e cinco pacientes, com média de idade de 11,7±4,3 anos, sendo 76% homozigotos para Δf508 e 28% colonizados por Pseudomonas aeruginosa, foram incluídos. A média do volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) foi de 85,6±23,6 (% do previsto) e o índice de massa corporal (IMC) foi de 17,5±3,0 kg/m2. Ao compararmos os períodos (Δ1 e Δ2), houve aumento significativo do VEF1/CVF (p=0,013) e do FEF25-75% (p=0,037) no período das recomendações de distanciamento. Também se observou redução significativa (p=0,005) do uso de antibióticos no período da pandemia em comparação ao período anterior a ela. Não houve diferenças significativas nos deltas para o IMC, VEF1 e dias de hospitalização. Conclusões: As recomendações de distanciamento social por COVID-19 tiveram impacto positivo (redução) sobre a morbidade (uso de antibióticos) e a obstrução de vias aéreas de menor calibre (FEF25-75%) em pacientes com FC.

Mechanisms of ventilatory limitation to maximum exercise in children and adolescents with chronic airway diseases.

INTRODUCTION: Exercise intolerance is common in chronic airway diseases (CAD), but its mechanisms are still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to evaluate exercise capacity and its association with lung function, ventilatory limitation, and ventilatory efficiency in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis (CF) and asthma when compared to healthy controls. METHODS: Cross-sectional study including patients with mild-to-moderate asthma, CF and healthy children and adolescents. Anthropometric data, lung function (spirometry) and exercise capacity (cardiopulmonary exercise testing) were evaluated. Primary outcomes were peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1 ), breathing reserve (BR), ventilatory equivalent for oxygen consumption (VE /VO2 ) and for carbon dioxide production (VE /VCO2 ), both at the ventilatory threshold (VT1 ) and peak exercise. RESULTS: Mean age of 147 patients included was 11.8 ± 3.0 years. There were differences between asthmatics and CF children when compared to their healthy peers for anthropometric and lung function measurements. Asthmatics showed lower VO2 peak when compared to both healthy and CF subjects, although no differences were found between healthy and CF patients. A lower BR was found when CF patients were compared to both healthy and asthmatic. Both CF and asthmatic patients presented higher values for VE /VO2 and VE /VCO2 at VT1 when compared to healthy individuals. For both VE /VO2 and VE /VCO2 at peak exercise CF patients presented higher values when compared to their healthy peers. CONCLUSION: Patients with CF achieved good exercise capacity despite low ventilatory efficiency, low BR, and reduced lung function. However, asthmatics reported reduced cardiorespiratory capacity and normal ventilatory efficiency at peak exercise. These results demonstrate differences in the mechanisms of ventilatory limitation to maximum exercise testing in children and adolescents with CAD.

Impact of COVID-19 social distancing recommendations on pulmonary function, nutritional status, and morbidity in patients with cystic fibrosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of COVID-19 social distancing recommendations on nutritional status, pulmonary function, and morbidity in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study including patients older than six years with a diagnosis of CF was performed. Demographic and clinical data, anthropometric measurements, pulmonary function, days of antibiotic use, and length of hospital stay were recorded. Variables were recorded at three time points relative to the baseline for implementation of social distancing measures: T-1 (14 months before implementation), T0 (baseline), and T1 (14 months after implementation). Delta (Δ) was calculated for each period: Δ1 (pre-pandemic T0-T-1) and Δ2 (pandemic T1-T0). RESULTS: The study included 25 patients, with a mean age of 11.7±4.3 years. The mean forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) was 85.6±23.6%, and body mass index (BMI) was 17.5±3.0 kg/m2. When comparing the two periods (Δ1 and Δ2), there was a significant increase in the FEV1/forced vital capacity (FVC) ratio (p=0.013) and in the forced expiratory flow between 25 and 75% of vital capacity (FEF25-75%) (p=0.037) in the pandemic period. There was also a significant reduction (p=0.005) in the use of antibiotics in the pandemic period compared with the pre-pandemic period. The Δ1 and Δ2 values did not differ significantly for BMI, FEV1, or length of hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: COVID-19 social distancing recommendations had a positive impact (decrease) on morbidity (use of antibiotics) and small airway obstruction (FEF25-75%) in patients with CF.

Impact of asthma on heart rate variability in children and adolescents: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: Asthma is associated with abnormal autonomic function, and heart rate variability is considered a simple, accurate, and noninvasive tool for monitoring the autonomic system. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of asthma on heart rate variability in children and adolescents. METHODS: This systematic review of observational studies and clinical trials evaluated heart rate variability in children and adolescents with asthma compared to healthy controls. The data were extracted independently by two reviewers. The quality of the selected articles was assessed using Agency for Health Care Research and Quality indicators. Random effects meta-analysis was performed for each outcome, with the effect size reported as standardized mean difference. RESULTS: Fifteen studies were included, of which five were classified as having high methodological quality. In the meta-analysis, long-term recording of the standard deviation of all normal-to-normal sinus R-R intervals differed significantly between groups (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -0.46 [95% confidence interval {CI}: -0.79 to -0.14], p < 0.005, I2 = 0%). Moreover, R-R intervals (long-term) were significantly shorter in asthmatic children than controls (SMD = -0.47 [95% CI: -0.68 to -0.25], p < 0.0001, I2 = 0). There were no significant differences between adjacent normal R-R intervals that exceed 50 ms (long-term) and the root mean square of successive differences between normal sinus R-R intervals (short-term). Regarding frequency-domain variables, long-term low frequency measurements differed significantly between groups (SMD = -0.34 [95% CI: -0.58 to -0.10], p < 0.005, I2 = 15%). There were no differences in high frequency measurements or in the ratio between low/high frequency powers (short- or long-term) between groups. CONCLUSION: The results confirm the impact of asthma on heart rate variability in children and adolescents, indicating lower heart rate variability and sympathetic modulation.

Association between children and adolescents' body composition with family income / Associação entre a composição corporal de crianças e adolescentes e renda familiar

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the association between children and adolescents' body composition with family income. Methods Cross-sectional study, participants between 5 and 19 years were included. A standardized questionnaire assessed socioeconomic variables. The outcome variables were z-score of Body Mass Index and bioimpedance parameters (skeletal muscle mass, fat-free mass, and fat percentage) and predictor variables (age, sex, race, place of residence, father's education, birth weight and breastfeeding) were analyzed using the quantile regression model and data from the 50th percentile are presented. The tests were bidirectional and the differences were considered significant with p<0.05. Results Among the 529 participants included, 284 (53.6%) were female and the mean age was 11.41±3.9 years. The Body Mass Index z-score was the only outcome that did not show differences between sexes (p=0.158). In the crude model, lower family income was associated with lower skeletal muscle mass (Difference=-7.70; 95% CI -9.32 to -5.89), p<0.001), lower fat-free mass (Difference= -13.40; 95% CI -16.40 to -10.39, p<0.001) and the lowest percentage of fat was associated with lower family income (Difference= -5.01, 95% CI -9.91 to -0.11, p=0.027). The z-score of BMI was not associated with family income. Conclusion Family income is directly associated with lower fat-free mass, fat percentage, and skeletal muscle mass in children and adolescents.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar a associação entre a composição corporal de crianças e adolescentes com a renda familiar. Métodos Estudo transversal, foram incluídos participantes entre 5 e 19 anos. As variáveis socioeconômicas foram avaliadas por meio de questionário padronizado. As variáveis de desfecho foram escore Z do índice de massa corporal e parâmetros de bioimpedância (massa muscular esquelética, massa livre de gordura e percentual de gordura) e variáveis preditoras (idade, sexo, raça, local de residência, escolaridade do pai, peso ao nascer e aleitamento materno) foram analisados pelo modelo de regressão quantílica e são apresentados os dados do percentil 50. Os testes foram bidirecionais, e as diferenças foram consideradas significativas com p<0,05. Resultados Entre os 529 participantes incluídos, 284 (53,6%) eram do sexo feminino e a média de idade foi de 11,41±3,9 anos. O escore Z do índice de massa corporal foi o único desfecho que não apresentou diferenças entre os sexos (p=0,158). No modelo bruto, uma menor renda familiar foi associada a menor massa muscular esquelética (Diferença= -7,70; IC 95% -9,32 a -5,89), p<0,001), menor massa livre de gordura (Diferença= -13,40; IC 95% -16,40 a -10,39, p<0,001) e o menor percentual de gordura associou-se à menor renda familiar (Diferença= -5,01, IC 95% -9,91 a -0,11, p=0,027). O escore Z do IMC não foi associado à renda familiar. Conclusão A renda familiar está diretamente associada à menor massa magra, ao percentual de gordura e à massa muscular esquelética em crianças e adolescentes.

Obstructive sleep apnea in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis and preserved lung function or mild impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence.

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: Sleep disorders in cystic fibrosis may be present before daytime clinical manifestations, regardless of lung function impairment, affecting quality of life and disease progression. This study investigated the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis and preserved lung function or mild impairment, and evaluated its association with clinical variables. METHODS: A systematic review with meta-analysis of prevalence was conducted, including observational studies with polysomnographies in patients with cystic fibrosis who presented mean lung function values > 60% predicted. The methodological quality of the studies was analyzed, and a meta-analysis was performed to assess the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea. RESULTS: Of the 2318 studies identified, 7 were included in the systematic review and 6 in the meta-analysis of prevalence. The confounding factors and strategies identified were the items with greatest weakness in the methodological quality assessment. Most studies were cross-sectional, and sample size ranged from 9 to 67 individuals. The most frequent criterion for defining obstructive sleep apnea was apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) > 1 per hour. The prevalence found ranged from 32.3 to 100% and the pooled prevalence was 65% (I2 = 53.4%), considering AHI>1, and 52% (I2 = 89.4%) for AHI>2 per hour. It was not possible to verify the association between obstructive sleep apnea and clinical variables. CONCLUSIONS: A high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis was found, regardless of age and lung function impairment, reinforcing the importance of investigating sleep-disordered breathing during clinical visits even when lung function is not yet compromised.

Consuming a low-calorie amount of routine food and drink does not affect bioimpedance body fat percentage in healthy individuals.

OBJECTIVES: Bioimpedance analysis is a simple, safe, and relatively inexpensive method to assess body composition. The bioimpedance guidelines recommend that the test be performed after fasting and avoiding the consumption of liquids. Studies have verified the effects of consuming liquids and food on bioimpedance; however, these studies used preestablished meals and hydration. The aim of the present study is to identify whether ad libitum food and liquid intake interfere with body composition parameters estimated via bioimpedance. METHODS: The evaluations were carried out over 2 d. On the first d, the hydration protocol was applied and on the second d, the food protocol. In both cases, bioimpedance was performed after an 8-h overnight fast. The test was repeated 30 min after the intake of liquids or food depending on the protocol. The reproducibility between the pre- and posttest evaluations was assessed using the Bland-Altman method. We considered deviations of up to 5% in the limits of agreement to be clinically acceptable. RESULTS: In the hydration protocol, the mean difference in fat percentage (FP) was -0.50 (P = 0.05), the lower limit of agreement was -3.60%, and the upper limit of agreement was 2.61%. In the food protocol, the mean difference in FP was 0.002 (P = 0.99), the lower limit of agreement was -3.20%, and the upper limit of agreement was 3.20%. CONCLUSIONS: Our study shows that ad libitum food and liquid intake do not cause a change above clinically acceptable levels in the FP estimated by bioimpedance.

Aerobic fitness is associated with extracellular DNA levels in the sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis.

AIMS: Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) develop with progressive loss of lung function and aerobic fitness. However, the precise mechanisms of exercise intolerance are still controversial and appear to be influenced by several factors. This study aimed to evaluate the association of aerobic fitness with free DNA levels in the sputum of patients with CF. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included patients with CF older than 6 years, free from active exacerbations, but who were able to produce spontaneously expectorated sputum. Extracellular DNA in the sputum was quantified. Lung function (spirometry) and aerobic fitness (cardiopulmonary exercise testing [CPET]) were performed. In addition, demographic, anthropometric and clinical data were collected. RESULTS: Sixteen patients with a mean age of 19.4 ± 6.9 years and mean forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1 ) of 51.8 ± 28.1 (% of predicted) were included. Mean peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) was 32.8 ± 5.2 mL• kg-1 • min-1 , oxygen saturation at the end of the test was 90.6% ± 6.3% and mean extracellular DNA levels was 305.3 ± 153.6 µg/mL. Individuals with a VO2 peak ≤ 30 mL• kg-1 • min-1 (P = .03) and a SpO2 ≤ 90% at the end of the test (P = .03) had a greater amount of extracellular DNA in the sputum. The proportion of patients with reduced VO2 peak in the group of patients with the lowest concentration of DNA in the sputum (<243 µg/mL) was significantly lower (0% vs 100%; P = .04). CONCLUSION: There is an association between the presence of free DNA in sputum and aerobic fitness in patients with CF.

Can skinfold thickness equations be substituted for bioimpedance analysis in children?

Abstract Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the agreement between the most used skinfold thickness equations with multi-frequency bioimpedance analysis in the prediction of body fat levels in children. Method: A cross-sectional study of healthy Brazilian community-dwelling individuals. The anthropometric assessment included height, body mass, arm circumference, and waist circumference. The percentage of body fat was obtained by measuring skinfold thickness equations and using bioimpedance analysis, and skinfold thickness was measured using a scientific skinfold caliper. Bland-Altman plot analysis was used to verify the agreement between the methods. Results: There were 439 children and adolescents evaluated, with a mean age of 11.6 ± 3.7 years. The mean body fat by bioimpedance analysis was 22.8% ± 10.4%, compared to 22.4% ± 8.8% by Slaughter (1), 20.4% ± 9.2% by Slaughter (2), 19.6% ± 4.4% by Goran, and 24.7% ± 10.0% by Huang equations. Bland-Altman plot analysis revealed limits of agreement greater than 8% between the bioimpedance analysis approach and equations, exceeding the clinically acceptable limit predefined a priori. None of the equations had good agreement with bioimpedance analysis. Conclusion: It was concluded that skinfold thickness and bioimpedance analysis should not be used interchangeably in children and adolescents.

The modified shuttle test as a predictor of risk for hospitalization in youths with cystic fibrosis: A two-year follow-up study

BACKGROUND: Patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) present exercise intolerance and episodes of pulmonary exacerbations. This study aimed to evaluate the association of the distance covered on the modified shuttle test (MST), as well as other clinical variables (anthropometry, chronic colonization by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, lung function), with the risk of hospitalization for pulmonary exacerbation. METHODS: Cohort study including CF patients older than 6 years, from two specialized CF centers. All patients underwent a MST and a lung function test at the time of inclusion. Demographic, anthropometric and clinical data were collected. Free time until the first hospitalization, total days of hospitalization and use of antibiotics during the two years of follow-up were recorded. RESULTS: Sixty-seven patients with a mean (SD) age of 12.4 (5.2) years and forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) of 78.7% (22.4) were included. The mean distance covered (m) in the MST was 775.6 (255.7) (73.4 ± 19.5% of predicted). The distance achieved (MST) was considered as the main independent variable to predict the risk of hospitalization (Cox HR 0.97, p = 0.029). Patients who walked a distance of less than 80% of predicted in the MST showed an increase of 3.9 (95%CI 1.0-15.3) in the relative risk for hospitalization and significantly higher total number of days of hospitalization (p = 0.022). CONCLUSION: There is an association between the distance covered in the MST and the risk of hospitalization in youths with CF. Patients with reduced exercise capacity presented a 3.9 times increase in the relative risk for hospitalization due to pulmonary exacerbation.

Peripheral muscle strength is associated with aerobic fitness and use of antibiotics in patients with cystic fibrosis.

AIMS: Individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) may develop muscle abnormalities, although little is known on its clinical and functional impact. This study aimed to evaluate the association of peripheral muscle strength with aerobic fitness, habitual physical activity, lung function and the use of antibiotics (ATB) in patients with CF. METHODS: A cross-sectional study where individuals aged ≥6 years underwent peripheral muscle strength evaluation (biceps, quadriceps and hamstrings) and performed a cardiopulmonary exercise test. Demographic, anthropometric, genetic, lung function and total days of ATB use within 1 year of tests were also collected. RESULTS: Correlation was found for biceps (r = .45; P = .002) strength with the peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak). Muscle strength (biceps and quadriceps) also correlated with the ventilatory equivalent for oxygen consumption (VE /VO2 ) at anaerobic threshold (AT) and with the ventilatory equivalent for carbon dioxide production (VE /VCO2 ) both at AT and peak exercise. Negative correlations were found for quadriceps (r = -.39) and hamstrings (r = -.42) with the total days of ATB use in the following year. Patients needing to use ATB presented lower biceps strength (P = .05) and individuals with VO2 peak lower than 37 mL·kg-1 ·min-1 presented lower muscle strength for both biceps (P = .01) and quadriceps (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: The results have shown that peripheral muscle strength is associated with aerobic fitness and the use of antibiotics in patients with CF.

Can skinfold thickness equations be substituted for bioimpedance analysis in children?

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the agreement between the most used skinfold thickness equations with multi-frequency bioimpedance analysis in the prediction of body fat levels in children. METHOD: A cross-sectional study of healthy Brazilian community-dwelling individuals. The anthropometric assessment included height, body mass, arm circumference, and waist circumference. The percentage of body fat was obtained by measuring skinfold thickness equations and using bioimpedance analysis, and skinfold thickness was measured using a scientific skinfold caliper. Bland-Altman plot analysis was used to verify the agreement between the methods. RESULTS: There were 439 children and adolescents evaluated, with a mean age of 11.6±3.7 years. The mean body fat by bioimpedance analysis was 22.8%±10.4%, compared to 22.4%±8.8% by Slaughter (1), 20.4%±9.2% by Slaughter (2), 19.6%±4.4% by Goran, and 24.7%±10.0% by Huang equations. Bland-Altman plot analysis revealed limits of agreement greater than 8% between the bioimpedance analysis approach and equations, exceeding the clinically acceptable limit predefined a priori. None of the equations had good agreement with bioimpedance analysis. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that skinfold thickness and bioimpedance analysis should not be used interchangeably in children and adolescents.

Effect of a combined exercise program on physical fitness, lung function, and quality of life in patients with controlled asthma and exercise symptoms: A randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Asthmatic patients may benefit from exercise training, although the effects of a combined aerobic and resistance training program are still poorly investigated in children and adolescents. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effects of a combined exercise training (resistance and aerobic) program on aerobic fitness, lung function, asthma control and quality of life in a group of mild-moderate asthmatic children with exercise symptoms. METHODS: This was a 12-week randomized controlled trial including children and adolescents diagnosed with mild-moderate asthma and presenting exercise-induced symptoms. The intervention group (IG) performed the exercise training (resistance and aerobic) 3 days/week, for 60 minutes. The control group (CG) followed routine clinical orientations. The main outcomes were cardiorespiratory fitness, muscle strength, lung function, quality of life, asthma control, and functional tests after 3 months of the intervention. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients (IG = 25 and CG = 28) with a mean age of 11.5 ± 2.6 years were included. No significant differences were found between groups regarding lung function, asthma control, quality of life, and functional tests. Ventilatory equivalent for oxygen consumption at ventilatory threshold (P = .025; ηp2 = 0.083), peak oxygen consumption (P = .008; ηp2 = 0.116) and test duration (P = .014; ηp2 = 0.1) presented greater improvements in the IG. In addition, improvements were observed in leg press (P < .001; ηp2 = 0.36), hamstring curl (P = .001; ηp2 = 0.217), high row (P = .003; ηp2 = .167), low row (P = .009; ηp2 = 0.128) and quadriceps leg extension (P = .015; ηp2 = 0.108) in the IG. CONCLUSION: Combined exercise training (resistance and aerobic) improved cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength in children and adolescents with controlled asthma and exercise symptoms.

Effect of an interdisciplinary intervention with motivational approach on exercise capacity in obese adolescents: a randomized controlled clinical trial.

Objective To evaluate the effect of an interdisciplinary intervention with a motivational approach on exercise capacity and usual physical activity levels in overweight and obese adolescents. Methods This is a randomized, controlled clinical trial with single blinding of subjects. Adolescents aged 15 to 18 years with overweight and obesity (body mass index ≥ 85 percentile) were included. The adolescents were randomized into two groups: interdisciplinary intervention or control - traditional approach aiming at lifestyle modifications. The initial evaluations were carried out, including the cardiopulmonary exercise test and the physical activity level measurement by using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and a pedometer. The evaluations were performed in two moments: time zero (time of inclusion in the study) and after 3 months (end of intervention). There were 12 sessions with weekly meetings. Results A total of 37 participants were included, 19 in the Intervention Group. There were no significant differences in the baseline demographic, anthropometric and physical activity characteristics between groups, with mean age of 17.3±1.0 years in the Control Group, and 16.8±0.9 years in the Intervention Group (p=0.14). The motivational intervention did not cause significant differences (p>0.05) in the comparison of the variables of exercise capacity and usual physical activity (questionnaire and pedometer) between groups. Conclusion The intervention with a motivational approach did not alter exercise capacity and levels of usual physical activity in overweight and obese adolescents. Clinical Trial Registry: NCT02455973 and REBEC: RBR-234nb5.

Determinants of Exercise Capacity Assessed With the Modified Shuttle Test in Individuals With Cystic Fibrosis.

BACKGROUND: Patients with cystic fibrosis develop decreased exercise capacity. However, the main factors responsible for this decline are still unclear. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the factors influencing exercise capacity assessed with the modified shuttle test (MST) in individuals with cystic fibrosis. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in subjects with a diagnosis of cystic fibrosis who were 6-26 y old and were regularly monitored at 2 cystic fibrosis reference centers in Brazil. Individuals who were unable to perform the tests or who exhibited hemodynamic instability and exacerbation of respiratory symptoms were excluded. Anthropometric, clinical, and genotype data were collected. In addition, lung function and exercise capacity were evaluated with the MST. RESULTS: 73 subjects (mean age 12.2 ± 4.9 y and FEV1 76.8 ± 23.3%) were included. The mean distance achieved in the MST was 765 ± 258 m (71.6% of predicted). The distance achieved on the MST correlated significantly with age (r = 0.49, P < .001), body mass index (r = 0.41, P < .001), resting heart rate (r = -0.51, P < .001), and FEV1 (r = 0.24, P = .042). Subjects with FEV1 > 67% of predicted (P = .02) and those with resting heart rate < 100 beats/min (P = .01) had a greater exercise capacity. Resting heart rate, age, and FEV1 (%) were found as significant variables to explain the distance achieved on the MST (R2 = 0.48, standard error = 191.0 m). CONCLUSIONS: The main determinants of exercise capacity assessed with the MST in individuals with cystic fibrosis were resting heart rate, age, and lung function.

Respiratory physical therapy techniques recommended for patients with cystic fibrosis treated in specialized centers.

BACKGROUND: Respiratory therapy is a part of the treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). However, there is no information about the main factors influencing the recommendation of the use of different techniques or devices by physical therapists from different specialized centers. OBJECTIVE: To determine the respiratory therapy techniques recommended for the treatment of patients with CF seen in specialized treatment centers in Brazil. METHODS: This is a descriptive study including a sample of Brazilian CF specialized treatment centers. Data on demographics, spirometric variables, and recommended respiratory therapy treatment techniques were collected. RESULTS: Twelve specialized treatment centers with a total of 974 patients were included (13.5±11.3 years old and FEV1 (%) 75.7±27.9). The most recommended techniques were huffing (61.1% of patients), high frequency oral oscillation (HFOO) (52.0%), and positive expiratory pressure (PEP) (45.3%). Most often, recommendation was to perform treatment once (54.8% of patients) or twice (34%) a day. There was great variability in the recommendation among the different states. When data were separated by age, there was a predominance of performing conventional and manual techniques in infants and preschool children. There were no significant variations according to pulmonary function. Based on the literature, techniques based on volume, huffing, and PEP were most prevalently performed in international centers. CONCLUSION: The most recommended treatment techniques for patients with CF in Brazil are huffing, HFOO, and PEP, followed by volume-based techniques. There were geographical variations in the preferred treatment techniques, as well as based on patient age, but not based on the level of pulmonary function.

Effect of an interdisciplinary intervention with motivational approach on exercise capacity in obese adolescents: a randomized controlled clinical trial / Efeito de intervenção interdisciplinar com abordagem motivacional na capacidade de exercício em adolescentes obesos: ensaio clínico controlado randomizado

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate the effect of an interdisciplinary intervention with a motivational approach on exercise capacity and usual physical activity levels in overweight and obese adolescents. Methods This is a randomized, controlled clinical trial with single blinding of subjects. Adolescents aged 15 to 18 years with overweight and obesity (body mass index ≥ 85 percentile) were included. The adolescents were randomized into two groups: interdisciplinary intervention or control − traditional approach aiming at lifestyle modifications. The initial evaluations were carried out, including the cardiopulmonary exercise test and the physical activity level measurement by using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and a pedometer. The evaluations were performed in two moments: time zero (time of inclusion in the study) and after 3 months (end of intervention). There were 12 sessions with weekly meetings. Results A total of 37 participants were included, 19 in the Intervention Group. There were no significant differences in the baseline demographic, anthropometric and physical activity characteristics between groups, with mean age of 17.3±1.0 years in the Control Group, and 16.8±0.9 years in the Intervention Group (p=0.14). The motivational intervention did not cause significant differences (p>0.05) in the comparison of the variables of exercise capacity and usual physical activity (questionnaire and pedometer) between groups. Conclusion The intervention with a motivational approach did not alter exercise capacity and levels of usual physical activity in overweight and obese adolescents. Clinical Trial Registry: NCT02455973 and REBEC: RBR-234nb5.

RESUMO Objetivo Avaliar o efeito de uma intervenção interdisciplinar com abordagem motivacional na capacidade de exercício e no nível de atividade física habitual em adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade. Métodos Trata-se de ensaio clínico controlado, randomizado, com cegamento único dos indivíduos. Foram incluídos adolescentes com idade entre 15 e 18 anos, com sobrepeso e obesidade (índice de massa corporal ≥ percentil 85). Os adolescentes foram randomizados em dois grupos: intervenção interdisciplinar motivacional ou controle − abordagem tradicional, visando à modificação do estilo de vida. Foram realizadas as avaliações iniciais incluindo o teste de exercício cardiopulmonar e a aferição do nível de atividade física por meio do International Physical Activity Questionnaire e do pedômetro. As avaliações foram realizadas em dois momentos, no tempo zero (inclusão no estudo) e após 3 meses (término da intervenção). Foram realizadas 12 sessões com encontros semanais. Resultados Foram incluídos 37 participantes, sendo 19 no Grupo Intervenção. Não houve diferenças significativas nos dados basais de características demográficas, antropométricas e de atividade física entre os grupos, e a média de idade foi de 17,3±1,0 anos no Grupo Controle e 16,8±0,9 anos no Intervenção (p=0,14). A intervenção motivacional não provocou diferenças significativas (p>0,05) na comparação das variáveis de capacidade de exercício e atividade física habitual (questionário e pedômetro) entre os grupos. Conclusão A intervenção com abordagem motivacional não alterou a capacidade de exercício e os níveis de atividade física habitual em adolescentes com sobrepeso e obesidade. Clinical Trial Registry: NCT02455973 and REBEC: RBR-234nb5.